Select the conditions which represent the criteria for spontaneity of a process in a closed system, — Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry Chemistry Question
Question
Select the conditions which represent the criteria for spontaneity of a process in a closed system, from the following given conditions: 1. $(dG)_{P,T} > 0$; 2. $(\Delta S)_{\text{universe}} > 0$; 3. $(dU)_{S,V} > 0$; 4. $(dH)_{S,P} < 0$; 5. $(dS)_{U,V} < 0$; 6. $(dS)_{H,P} > 0$. (Answer by adding the serial numbers of the correct conditions.)
💡 Solution & Explanation
By thermodynamic criteria, spontaneous processes are characterized by: total entropy increase $(\Delta S)_{\text{universe}} > 0$ (Condition 2), decrease in free energy $(dG)_{P,T} < 0$, decrease in enthalpy $(dH)_{S,P} < 0$ (Condition 4), decrease in internal energy $(dU)_{S,V} < 0$, and increase in entropy under isolated parameters $(dS)_{H,P} > 0$ (Condition 6). Sum of correct condition numbers $= 2 + 4 + 6 = 12$. Format as 0012.