See image — GOC and Organic Chemistry Basics Chemistry Question

💡 Solution & Explanation

# Carbonium Ion Stability Analysis **Step 1: Identify the carbocation type in each sequence** **(I)** $CH_3-CH_2-NH_2^{\oplus}$ vs $CH_3-\overset{\oplus}{CH}-NH_2$ - Left: primary carbocation (C attached to one carbon) - Right: secondary carbocation (C attached to two carbons) **(II)** $CH_3-CH_2-NO^{\oplus}$ vs $CH_3-\overset{\oplus}{CH}-NO$ - Left: primary carbocation - Right: secondary carbocation **Step 2: Apply stability rules** Carbocation stability follows: **tertiary > secondary > primary** In both sequences, the **right side has a secondary carbocation**, which is more stable than the primary carbocation on the left. **Step 3: Consider electron-donating effects** The substituents ($-NH_2$ and $-NO$) are attached to the carbocation carbon. These groups provide **inductive stabilization** through hyperconjugation and electron donation, but the fundamental **carbocation hybridization and alkyl substitution** determine the major stability trend. The secondary carbocation (right) benefits from: - One additional alkyl group providing hyperconjugation - Greater sp² character distribution **Step 4: Verify both inequalities** Both (I) and (II) follow the same pattern: $$\text{Primary} < \text{Secondary}$$ **Answer: (C) both** — Both inequalities correctly represent the order of carbonium ion stability.