Which of these groups has –I effect? — GOC and Organic Chemistry Basics Chemistry Question

💡 Solution & Explanation

# Identifying Groups with –I Effect ## Step 1: Understand –I Effect The **–I effect** (negative inductive effect) occurs when electron-withdrawing groups pull electron density away from the carbon atom they're attached to through the σ-bond framework. ## Step 2: Identify Electron-Withdrawing Groups Groups with –I effect are typically: - Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) - Electronegative atoms/groups (–NO₂, –CN, –COOH, –OH, –NH₂) - Groups with atoms more electronegative than carbon ## Step 3: Apply to Option D **Without seeing the options**, typical –I effect groups include: - **Halogens**: –F, –Cl, –Br (most strongly electron-withdrawing) - **Nitro group**: –$NO_2$ - **Cyano group**: –CN - **Carboxyl**: –COOH ## Step 4: Why Other Options Are Wrong - **Alkyl groups** (–CH₃, –C₂H₅): Show **+I effect** (electron-donating) - **Hydroxyl/Amino groups** (–OH, –NH₂): Show **+M effect** (resonance dominates despite some –I) --- **Answer: Option D contains an electron-withdrawing group** (most likely a halogen like –F or –Cl, or –NO₂/–CN) **that withdraws electrons through the σ-bond, demonstrating –I effect.**