Which of the following formulas correctly represent the thermodynamic work done () under the specifi — Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry Chemistry Question

💡 Solution & Explanation

Options A, B, and C strictly describe standard thermodynamic integrations. Option D is incorrect because $w = -\int P_{gas} dV$ specifically describes reversible processes (where $P_{ext} \approx P_{gas}$), whereas $w = -P_{ext} \Delta V$ is required for irreversible paths where internal pressure is undefined.