Transition elements inherently demonstrate variable oxidation states owing to the minor energy gaps — d and f Block Elements Chemistry Question
Question
Transition elements inherently demonstrate variable oxidation states owing to the minor energy gaps between their $(n-1)d$ and $ns$ subshells. Within the $3d$ block, which precise electronic configuration is empirically known to facilitate the absolute maximum number of distinct, stable oxidation states?
💡 Solution & Explanation
The maximum variety of oxidation states is exhibited by the element lying at the exact middle of the transition series, where the maximum number of unpaired $d$ -electrons and $s$ -electrons can actively participate in bonding. Manganese ($Mn$), with the configuration $[Ar] 3d^5 4s^2$, can selectively utilize all $7$ of its valence electrons to demonstrate stable oxidation states ranging comprehensively from $+2$ straight through to $+7$.