Which of the following mathematical expressions correctly represent valid forms or direct derivation — Atomic Structure Chemistry Question

💡 Solution & Explanation

Option A is the standard momentum-position uncertainty equation. Since $p = mv$, assuming mass is constant, $\Delta p = m\Delta v$, leading to $\Delta x \cdot m\Delta v \ge \frac{h}{4\pi}$ or $\Delta x \cdot \Delta v \ge \frac{h}{4\pi m}$ (Option B). The principle can also be expressed in terms of energy and time as $\Delta E \cdot \Delta t \ge \frac{h}{4\pi}$ (Option C). Option D incorrectly uses a less-than-or-equal-to sign.