Analyze the following list of functional groups: , , , , , , . Exactly how many of these explicitly — GOC and Organic Chemistry Basics Chemistry Question
Question
Analyze the following list of functional groups: $-NO_2$, $-CN$, $-OH$, $-NH_2$, $-CHO$, $-OCH_3$, $-COOH$. Exactly how many of these explicitly listed groups exert a negative mesomeric ($-M$) effect?
Answer: 4
💡 Solution & Explanation
The groups that exert an electron-withdrawing mesomeric ($-M$) effect pull $\pi$ electron density away from the conjugated system. In the given list, these are $-NO_2$, $-CN$, $-CHO$, and $-COOH$ (Total 4). The others ($-OH$, $-NH_2$, $-OCH_3$) have lone pairs and exert a $+M$ effect.
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