Identify the functional groups from the following list that are classified as electron-withdrawing g — GOC and Organic Chemistry Basics Chemistry Question

💡 Solution & Explanation

Nitro, cyano, and carboxyl groups contain electronegative atoms and/or multiple bonds to electronegative atoms, drawing electron density away from the carbon chain ($-I$ effect). The $-O^-$ group carries a full negative charge and pushes electron density away, exerting a strong $+I$ effect.